The use of force by a christian: an exegetical study of Mathew 26:52.
Keywords:
Use of Force, Retribution, Religious Objectives, State, Violent Attitude.Abstract
The present research focuses the theme of the use of force by a Christian and ahs as its main objective to analyze the text of Mathew 26:52 – “Then Jesus said to him: ‘Put your sword back into its place, for all those who take up the sword shall perish by the sword’” (NAS). In view that the opinions are divergent among scholars concerning this issue, in an essay to verify its adequate interpretation, it was undertaken an analysis of the text, of its historical context, and its literary and semantic aspects. From such analysis it was possible to perceive that the internal and external evidences related to the text point that the verse speaks of an interdiction of the use of force for religious purposes. The use of force by the State, however, is a legitimate necessity for the maintenance of order in society. The study concluded also that for a Christian, in an individual basis, there is no excuse for violent attitudes, even in situation where retribution could be justified.
Downloads
References
ALAND, Kurt et al. The Greek New Testament. Grand Rapids/MI: William B. Eerdmans, 2001.
ALMEIDA, João Ferreira de (Trad.). Bíblia Sagrada: revista e atualizada. Barueri/SP: Sociedade Bíblica do Brasil, 1993.
AUNE, David E. The New Testament in Its Literary Envinonment. Philadelphia/PA: The Westminster Press, 1987.
BALLARINI, P. Teodorico (Ed.). Introdução à Bíblia: com antologia exegética. Traduzido por João Evangelista Martins Terra. 4 v. Petrópolis/RJ: Vozes, 1972.
BENEDICTO, Marcos de; PINHEIRO, Paulo Roberto (Eds). Declarações da Igreja. Tatuí/SP: Casa Publicadora Brasileira, 2003.
BROADUS, John A. Comentário sobre el evangélio según Mateo. Traduzido por Sarah A. Hale. El Paso/TX: Casa Bautista de Publicaciones, 1949.
BROWN, Raymound E.; FITZMEYER, Joseph A.; MURPHY, Roland E. (Eds.). Comentário bíblico “San Jerônimo”. 3 v. Traduzido por Jesus V. Malla e Juan J. del Moral. Madrid: Ediciones Cristandad, 1972.
BOYER, Orlando. Pequena enciclopédia bíblica. São Paulo: Editora Vida, 2001.
BUCKLAND, M. A. Dicionário Bíblico Universal. São Paulo: Editora Vida, 1999.
BULLINGER, E. W. Diccionario de figuras de dicción usadas en la Bíblia. Barcelona: Editorial Clie, 1985.
CARSON, D. A.; MOO, Douglas J.; MORRIS, Leon. Introdução ao Novo Testamento. Traduzido por Márcio Loureiro Redondo. São Paulo: Vida Nova, 1997.
CRABTREE, A. R. Introdução ao Novo Testamento. Rio de Janeiro: Casa Publicadora Batista, 1952.
CHAMPLIN, Russell Norman. O Novo Testamento interpretado versículo por versículo. 6 v. São Paulo: Hagnos, 2002.
__________. Enciclopédia de Bíblia e Teologia. 6 v. São Paulo: Candeia, 1991.
COLEMAN, William L. Manual dos tempos e costumes bíblicos. Venda Nova/MG: Betânia, 1991.
DAVIDSON, F. (Ed.). O novo comentário da Bíblia. 2 v. São Paulo: Edições Vida Nova, 1990.
ERDMAN, Charles R. El evangelio de Mateo. Grand Rapids/MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1974.
FEE, Gordon D.; STUART, Douglas. Entendes o que lês?. São Paulo: Vida Nova, 1997.
FRANCE, R. T. The Gospel According to Matthew: an Introduction and Commentary. Leicester: Inter-Varsity, 1995.
HAGNER, Donald A. Mattew 14-28. Dallas/TX: Word Books, 1995 (Word Biblical Commentary, v. 33b).
HATCH, Edwin; REDPATH, Henry A. A Concordance to The Septuagint, and the other Greek Versions of the Old Testament (including the Apocryphal Books), 3v. Grand Rapids/MI: Baker Book House, 1984.
HENDRIKSEN, William. New Testament Commentary. Grand Rapids/MI: Baker Book House, 1975.
HORTON, Michael. A lei da perfeita liberdade: a ética bíblica a partir dos Dez Mandamentos. São Paulo: Editora Cultura Cristã, 2000.
IRONSIDE, H. A. Expository Notes on the Gospel of Matthew. New York: Loizeaux Brothers, 1978.
JEREMIAS, J. Jerusalém no tempo de Jesus: pesquisas de história econômicosocial no período neotestamentário. São Paulo: Edições Paulinas, 1983.
JONES, Martyn Lloyd. Estudos no Sermão do Monte. São Paulo: Editora Fiel da Missão Evangélica Literária, 1984.
KUBO, Sakae. A Reader’s Greek-English Lexicon of The New Testament and a Beginner’s Guide for the Translation of New Testament Greek. Grand Rapids/MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1975.
KÜMMEL, Werner Georg. The New Testament: the History of the Investigation of Its Problems. Nashville/TN: Abingdon Press, 1972.
LANCELLOTTI, Angelo. Comentário ao evangelho de São Mateus. Traduzido por Ephraim Ferreira Alves. Petrópolis/RJ: Editora Vozes Ltda, 1980.
LONGMAN, Tremper; GARLAND, David E. The Expositor’s Bible Commentary. 12 v. Grand Rapids/MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 2000.
LUND, E.; NELSON, P. C. Hermenêutica. São Paulo, SP: Editora Vida, 1968.
MAXWELL, Mervyn C. Uma nova era segundo as profecias do Apocalipse. Tatuí/SP: Casa Publicadora Brasileira, 2002.
MORIN, Émile. Jesus e as estruturas de seu tempo. São Paulo: Edições Paulinas, 1984.
MORRIS, Leon L. Lucas: introdução e comentário. São Paulo/SP: Mundo Cristão, 1990 (Série Cultura Bíblica).
MOUNCE, Robert H. Mateus. Traduzido por Oswaldo Ramos. São Paulo/SP: Editora Vida, 1996. (Novo Comentário Bíblico Contemporâneo).
NICHOL, Francis D. (Ed.). Comentário bíblico Adventista del 7º Dia. Traduzido por Victor E. Ampuero Matta. 7 v. Boise/ID: Pacific Press Publishing Association, 19781990.
NOLLAND, John. Luke 1-9:20. Dallas/TX: Word Books, 1995. (Word Biblical Commentary, v. 35a).
PACKER, J. I.; TENNEY, Merril C.; WHITE, William Jr. O mundo do Novo Testamento. São Paulo: Editora Vida, 2000.
PFEIFFER, Charles F.; HARRISON, Everett F. (Eds.). The Wycliffe Bible Commentary. Chicago: Moody Press, 1968.
_________. Comentário bíblico Moody. 5 v. São Paulo: Imprensa Batista Regular, 1980.
POHL, Adolf. Apocalipse de João. 2 v. Curitiba: Editora Evangélica Esperança, 2001 (Comentário Esperança).
POOLE, Matthew. A Commentary on the Holy Bible. 3 v. Carlisle: Banner of Truth Trust, 1974.
RODOR, A. A. Cristo nos Evangelhos. 2005. 28 f. Notas de aula.
ROS, Pablo Termes (Ed.). Enciclopedia de la Bíblia. 3 e 6 v. Barcelona: Garriga, 1963.
ROPS, Henri Daniel. A vida diária nos tempos de Jesus. São Paulo: Vida Nova, 1991.
RYLE, J. C. Comentário do Evangelho segundo S. Mateus. São Paulo: Imprensa Metodista, 1959.
SCHMID, Josef. El evangelio según San Mateo. Barcelona: Editorial Herder, 1973.
SILVA, Rodrigo P. Um desconhecido galileu: uma abordagem histórico-científica da vida e obras de Jesus de Nazaré. Engenheiro Coelho/SP: Imprensa Universitária Adventista, 2001.
SILVA, Horne P. Cristo e os Evangelhos. São Paulo: Instituto Adventista de Ensino, 1984.
SIMEON, Charles. Expository Outlines on the Whole Bible. 21 v. Grand Rapids/MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1956.
SPENCE, H. D. M.; EXELL, Joseph S. (Eds.). The Pulpit Commentary. 51 v. Grand Rapids/MI: W. M. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1977.
STANLEY, David Michael. Evangelho de Mateus. São Paulo: Edições Paulinas, 1975.
STOTT, John R. W. A mensagem do Sermão do Monte: contracultura cristã. São Paulo: ABU Editora, 2001.
TASKER, R.V.G. Evangelho Segundo Mateus: introdução e comentário. São Paulo: Mundo Cristão, 1991 (Série Cultura Bíblica).
VENTURA, Samuel Vila. Nuevo diccionário bíblico ilustrado. Barcelona: Editorial Clie, 1985.
VINE, W. E. Diccionario expositivo de palabras del Nuevo Testamento. Barcelona: Editirial Clie, 2002.
WHITE, Ellen G. O maior discurso de Cristo. Tatuí/SP: Casa Publicadora Brasileira, 2002.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish on Kerygma must agree to the following terms:
- Once accepted for publication, the copyright of articles is automatically transferred to Kerygma.
- All material used in the text that is copyrighted by third parties must be duly referenced.
- Authors must also retain the reproduction rights of images and tables in their material, if necessary.
- The authors guarantee that the submitted text is entirely their authorship and has not been submitted and/or published elsewhere.
- The opinions, ideas and concepts expressed in the texts are the sole responsibility of their authors and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Kerygma;
- The editors reserve the right to make textual adjustments and adapt to the publication's norms.
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication, with the work simultaneously licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International, which allows sharing of the work with acknowledgment of authorship and initial publication in this journal. This license allows others to remix, adapt, and build upon your work non-commercially, as long as they give proper credit to you and their new works are not used for commercial purposes. However, users are not required to license those derivative works under the same terms.
- The authors agree with the free reproduction of their material by Kerygma, which may adapt, modify, condense, summarize, reduce, compile, expand, alter, mix with other content, include images, graphics, digital objects, infographics and hyperlinks, illustrate, diagram, divide, update, translate and carry out any other transformations, requiring the participation or express authorization of the authors.
- The authors agree that Kerygma can distribute the articles through cable, fiber optics, satellite, airwaves or any other system that allows access to the user at a specific time and place, either by free channels or by systems that import payment. Kerygma may also include work in a physical or virtual database, archiving in printed format, storing on a computer, in a cloud system, microfilming and other current forms of archiving or that may still be developed, with or without profit.
- Authors are permitted to enter into separate, additional agreements for the non-exclusive distribution of the published version of the work in this journal (e.g., publishing it in an institutional repository or as a book chapter), with acknowledgment in the new publication of its initial publication in this journal.
- Kerygma owns the rights to all works published by it. The full reproduction of these texts in other publications, for any other purpose, by any means, requires written authorization from the publisher. The same goes for partial reproductions, such as summary, abstract, portions with more than 500 words of the text, tables, figures, illustrations, etc.
- Authors are granted permission and encouraged to publish and distribute their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their personal websites) at any point before or during the editorial process. This is because it can lead to productive alterations and increase the impact and citation of the published work. (See "The effect of open access and downloads ('hits') on citation impact: a bibliography of studies.")