Michael: identity and function from a biblical perspective
Keywords:
Archangel, Michael, Angel of the Lord, Prince, Heaven.Abstract
This research is a brief attempt of identification, within the context of the Scriptures, of the archangel Michael and his main functions. The writings on the archangel Michael go back as far as the Third Century B.C. In view that, hroughout history, there has always been different opinions about this subject, the present study will not only present a historical analysis of the subject, but it will also engage into an exegetic study of all the biblical texts where the figure of Michael appears. I will use a grammatical-historical approach, emphasizing the theological-grammatical aspect of these passages.
Downloads
References
Archer, Gleason L. Merece Confiança o Antigo Testamento (São Paulo: Vida Nova, 2008), 383.
Aune, D. E. Vol. 52B: Word Biblical Commentary: Revelation 6-16. (Word Biblical Commentary. Dallas: Word, 2002), 691.
Baker, W. The complete word study dictionary: Old Testament (Chattanooga, TN: AMG Publishers, 2003), 1196.
Baldwin, Joyce G. Daniel, Introdução e Comentário. Serie Cultura Bíblia. (São Paulo: Vida Nova, 2008)
Bauckham, R. J. Vol. 50: Word Biblical Commentary: 2 Peter, Jude. Word Biblical Commentary. (Dallas: Word, Incorporated, 2002), 59.
Bíblia de estudo Almeida, versão revista e atualizada, 2ª ed. (Barueri, SP: Sociedade Bíblica do Brasil, 1999).
Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia (Stuttgart: German Bible Society, Westminster Seminary, 1996), 1925.
Bromiley, G. W. The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, Revised (Wm. B. Eerdmans, 2002), 3:347-348.
Cairns, Earlie E. O Cristianismo Através dos Séculos: Uma História da Igreja Cristã (São Paulo: Vida Nova, 20s08), 65.
Calvin, J. Calvin's Commentaries: electronic ed. (Dt. 34:6) (Garland, TX: Galaxie Software, 2000).
Casey, M. Son of Man (London: SPCK, 1979), 144-145
Charlesworth, J. H. Vol. 2: The Old Testment Pseudepigrapha (Garden City, NY/London: Doubleday/DLT), 1983-1985.
Concordancia de las Sagradas Escrituras : Revision de 1960 de la version Reina-Valera. 2000, c1964 (electronic ed.). Nashville: Editorial Caribe.
Davidson, Benjamin The Analitical Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon (Peabody, MA: Hendrikson, 2007), 520.
Denham, James Richard, Vol. 1: Concordância Fiel do Novo Testamento (São José dos Campos, SP: Fiel, 1994), 91.
Doukhan, Jacques B. Secretos de Daniel: Sabiduría Y Sueños de um Príncipe Hebreo en el Exilio (Buenos Aires: Casa Sudamericana, 2007).
Fohrer, Georg. História da Religião de Israel, (São Paulo: Academia Cristã e Paulus, 2008), 485.
Goldingay, J. E. Vol. 30: Word Biblical Commentary: Daniel. (Word Biblical Commentary. Dallas: Word, Incorporated, 2002), 162.
Henry, M. Matthew Henry's commentary on the whole Bible: Complete and unabridged in one volume (Dt. 34:5) (Peabody: Hendrickson, 1996).
Horgan, M. P. Pesharim: Qumran Interpretations of Biblical Books, Catholic Bible Quarterly - Monograph Series 8 (Washington, D.C.: Catholic Biblical Association of America, 1979), 79.
Kee, H. C., The Terminology of Mark’s Exorcism Stories. (New Testament Studies, 1968), 238.
Kirst, Nelson. Kilpp, Nelson. Schwantes, Milton. Raymann, Acir. Zimmer, Rudi. Dicionário Hebraico-Português e Aramaico-Português, (São Paulo: Sinodal, Vozes, 2008).
Kittel, G. & Bromiley, G. W. & Friedrich, G. Vols. 5-9: Theological dictionary of the New Testament (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans,1976), 5:514.
Kittel, G. and Friedrich, G. (eds.), Theologisches Wörterbuch zum Neuen Testament (Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1933- 1978 = Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, tr. G. W. Bromiley [Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1964-1976]).
Lang, J. S. 1,001 things you always wanted to know about angels, demons, and the afterlife (Nashville: Thomas Nelson. 2000).
Louw, J. P. & Nida, E. A. Vol. 1:Greek-English lexicon of the New Testament : Based on semantic domains, electronic ed. of the 2nd edition (New York: United Bible societies, 1996), 144.
Maxwell, C. Mervyn. Uma Nova Era Segundo as Profecias de Daniel. (Tatuí, Sp: Casa, 2009).
Nelson, W. M. & Mayo, J. R., Nuevo Diccionario Ilustrado de la Biblia (Nashville: Editorial Caribe, 2000), 704.
Nichol, F. D. The Seventh-day Adventist Bible Commentary, Volume 4. (Hagesrtown, MD: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 2002), 753.
Nichol, F. D. The Seventh-day Adventist Bible Commentary, Volume 7. (Hagesrtown, MD: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 2002), 809.
Peter-Contesse, R., & Ellington, J. A handbook on the Book of Daniel. UBS handbook series. (New York: United Bible Societies, 1993).
Questões Sobre Doutrina (Tatuí, SP: Casa, 2008), 90.
Ramos, José Carlos. Programa de Curso para Daniel e Apocalipse (Engenheiro Coelho, SP: Faculdade Adventista de Teologia, 2003), 167.
Roberts, A. & Donaldson, J. & Coxe, A. C., The Ante-Nicene Fathers Vol. II : Translations of the writings of the Fathers down to A.D. 325. Fathers of the second century: Hermas, Tatian, Athenagoras, Theophilus, and Clement of Alexandria (Oak Harbor: Logos Research Systems, 1997), 40.
Robertson, A. A Grammar of the Greek New Testament in the Light of Historical Research (Louisville, Ky: Logos, 2006), 1289.
Rost, Stephen (Abreviada e editada), Heritage of great evangelical teaching: Featuring the best of Martin Luther, John Wesley, Dwight L. Moody, C.H. Spurgeon and others. (Nashville: Thomas Nelson,1997).
Rusconi, Carlo, Dicionário do Grego do Novo Testamento,(São Paulo: Paulus, 2005), 17.
Scholem, Gershom, “Metraton”, Enciclopédia Judaica (Rio de janeiro: Sefer, 1990), 9: 341.
Shultz, Samuel J. A História de Israel no Antigo Testamento (São Paulo: Vida Nova, 2009), 426-432.
Smith, S., & Cornwall, J. The exhaustive dictionary of Bible names (174). (North Brunswick, NJ: Bridge-Logos, 1998).
Stern, D. H. Jewish New Testament commentary : A companion volume to the Jewish New Testament (Clarksville, Md.: Jewish New Testament Publications, 1992).
The Watchtower Reprints, November 11, 1879, 48.
Timm, Alberto R. Sinais dos Tempos, (Tatuí, Sp: Casa, agosto de 1998), 29.
Toorn, K., Becking B., Horst, P. W. Dictionary of deities and demons in the Bible DDD (2nd extensively rev. ed.), (Leiden; Boston; Grand Rapids, Mich.: Brill; Eerdmans, 1999), 82.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish on Kerygma must agree to the following terms:
- Once accepted for publication, the copyright of articles is automatically transferred to Kerygma.
- All material used in the text that is copyrighted by third parties must be duly referenced.
- Authors must also retain the reproduction rights of images and tables in their material, if necessary.
- The authors guarantee that the submitted text is entirely their authorship and has not been submitted and/or published elsewhere.
- The opinions, ideas and concepts expressed in the texts are the sole responsibility of their authors and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Kerygma;
- The editors reserve the right to make textual adjustments and adapt to the publication's norms.
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication, with the work simultaneously licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International, which allows sharing of the work with acknowledgment of authorship and initial publication in this journal. This license allows others to remix, adapt, and build upon your work non-commercially, as long as they give proper credit to you and their new works are not used for commercial purposes. However, users are not required to license those derivative works under the same terms.
- The authors agree with the free reproduction of their material by Kerygma, which may adapt, modify, condense, summarize, reduce, compile, expand, alter, mix with other content, include images, graphics, digital objects, infographics and hyperlinks, illustrate, diagram, divide, update, translate and carry out any other transformations, requiring the participation or express authorization of the authors.
- The authors agree that Kerygma can distribute the articles through cable, fiber optics, satellite, airwaves or any other system that allows access to the user at a specific time and place, either by free channels or by systems that import payment. Kerygma may also include work in a physical or virtual database, archiving in printed format, storing on a computer, in a cloud system, microfilming and other current forms of archiving or that may still be developed, with or without profit.
- Authors are permitted to enter into separate, additional agreements for the non-exclusive distribution of the published version of the work in this journal (e.g., publishing it in an institutional repository or as a book chapter), with acknowledgment in the new publication of its initial publication in this journal.
- Kerygma owns the rights to all works published by it. The full reproduction of these texts in other publications, for any other purpose, by any means, requires written authorization from the publisher. The same goes for partial reproductions, such as summary, abstract, portions with more than 500 words of the text, tables, figures, illustrations, etc.
- Authors are granted permission and encouraged to publish and distribute their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their personal websites) at any point before or during the editorial process. This is because it can lead to productive alterations and increase the impact and citation of the published work. (See "The effect of open access and downloads ('hits') on citation impact: a bibliography of studies.")