Debates about the term “Image-Likeness” in Genesis 1:26-27
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.19141/1809-2454.kerygma.v17.n1.pe01589Keywords:
Image of God, Likeness, Sin, Human Nature, ExegesisAbstract
Abstract: This article study the meaning of “image and likeness of God,” as found in Genesis 1:26 and 27 in the Masoretic text, used to describe humankind’s creation. Through a biblical anthropological view, this article aims to bring awareness regarding our existence’s purpose. This article use the Canonical Theology method, which takes four corollaries: (1) sola Scriptura; (2) a high view of the revelation-inspiration of the biblical canon; (3) the dual authorship (divine and human) of the canonical text; and, (4) the grammatical-historical procedures of exegesis. This article start with an outlook through the various interpretations of the “image of God” in history, not being normative but suggestive. After that, it present an exegesis of Genesis 1:26 and 27, critiquing John F. Kilner’s book Dignity and Destiny, since it is currently the book with the most extensive study on the proposed topic. To conclude, this article recapitulate and suggest applying the proposed study as a worldview for our theological, sociological, and ecological relationship. The blueprint that exists in ourselves stipulates how we will think and act. Topics such as socialism, feminism, racism, sexual differences, infanticide, ecologism, veganism, even ordination to the pastoral ministry should be read and discussed through a “human” perspective.
Downloads
References
ALCORN, R. C. Heaven. Carol Stream: Tyndale House Publishers, 2004.
BALDWIN, J. T. Creation, catastrophe, and calvary: why a global flood is vital to the doctrine of atonement. Hagerstown: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 2000.
BARR, J. The image of God in the book of Genesis: a study of terminology. Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, v. 51, n. 1, p. 11–26, 1968.
BAYER, O. Being in the image of God. Lutheran Quarterly, v. 27, n. 1, p. 76–88, 2013.
BAZZELL, P. D. Toward a creational perspective on poverty: Genesis 1:26–28, image of God, and its missiological implications. In: McDONALD, N.; ELLIOTT, M. W.; MACASKILL, G. (eds.) Genesis and Christians Theology. Grand Rapids: W. B. Eerdmans Pub. Co, 2012. p. 228–241.
BENTLEY, W. Are we special?: A critique of imago Dei. Hervormde teologiese studies, v. 73, n. 3, p. 1-5, 2017.
BIBLIA HEBRAICA Stuttgartensia: SESB Version. Stuttgart: German Bible Society, 2003.
BRIGGS, R. S. Humans in the image of God and other things Genesis does not make clear. Journal of Theological Interpretation, v. 4, n. 1, p. 111-126, 2010.
BRITANNICA, T. EDITORS OF ENCYCLOPEDIA. Enclyclopedia Britannica. 2 apr. 2020.
BROWN, F.; DRIVER, S. R; BRIGGS; C. A. Enchanced Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English lexicon. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1977.
BROWN, N. In the image of God. Adventist Record, v. 124, n. 24, 2019.
CLINES, D. J. A. The image of God in man. Tyndale Bulletin, v. 19, p. 53–103, 1968.
CORTEZ, M.; JENSEN, M. P. (ed.). T&T Clark reader in theological anthropology. Londres; Nova York: Bloomsbury T&T Clark; Bloomsbury Publishing, 2018.
DAVIDSON, R. M. The salvation of animals? Perspective Digest. v. 22, n. 2, 2017.
DEDEREN, R. Handbook of Seventh-day Adventist theology. Hagerstown: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 2000.
DOUKHAN, J. (ed.). Genesis. Nampa; Hagerstown: Pacific Press Publishing Association; Review and Herald Publishing Association, 2016.
EASTVOLD, K. The image of God in Old Testament theology. Stone-Campbell Journal, v. 21, n. 2, p. 239–251, 2018.
FARRIS, J. R. An immaterial substance view: imago Dei in creation and redemption. Heythrop Journal, v. 58, n. 1, p. 108-123, 2017.
FARRIS, J. R. An introduction to theological anthropology: humans, both creaturely and divine. Grand Rapids: Baker Publishing, 2020.
FRAME, J. M. Men and women in the image of God. The Mountain Retreat. s.d
FROOM, L. E. The conditionalist faith of our fathers. Washington: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1965.
GESENIUS, W.; TREGELLES, S. P. Gesenius’ Hebrew and Chaldee lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures. Bellingham: Logos Bible Software, 2003.
GRAMS, K. D. Image-of-God motif in the writings of Ellen G. White. Andrews University. 2019.
GRAVES, J. The similarities between humans and pigs. Australian Academy of Science. s.d.
GREENE, B. The fabric of the cosmos: space, time , and texture of reality. Visalia: Vintage, 2004.
GREENWAY, W. For the love of all creatures: the story of grace in Genesis. Grand Rapids; Cambridge: Eerdmans, 2015.
HANSMAN, H. The future of animal-to-human organ transplants. Smithsonian Maganize, set. 2015.
HOBSON, G.; EDGAR, W. Imago Dei manwoman created in the image of God: Implications for theology, pastoral care, Eucharist, apologetics, aesthetics. Eugene: Wipf & Stock, 2019.
JANČOVIČ, J. Imago Dei: An Exegetical and Theological Reappraisal. ET Studies, v. 10, n. 2, p. 183–206, 2019.
JÓNSSON, G. A. The image of God: Genesis 126-28 in a century of Old Testament research. Stockholm: Almquist & Wiksell International, 1988.
KIDNER, D. TOTC Genesis. Nottingham: InterVarsity Press, 2008.
KILNER, J. F. Dignity and destiny: Humanity in the image of God. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans Pub. Company, 2015.
KOLAWOLE, O. P. God's image in man: a biblical perspective. Journal of Biblical Theology, v. 2, n. 3, p. 37-49, 2019.
LEE, S. Calvin and later reformed theologians on the image of God. Unio cum Christo, v. 2, n. 1, p. 135-147, 2016.
LIMBURG, J. The responsibility of royalty: Genesis 1-11 and the care of the earth. Word and Word, v. 11, n. 2, p. 124–130, 1991.
MACDONALD, N.; ELLIOTT, M. W.; MACASKILL, G. Genesis and Christian theology. Grand Rapids: W. B. Eerdmans Pub. Co, 2012.
MATSKEVICH, K. Construction of gender and identity in Genesis: the subject and the other. Londres; Nova York: T&T Clark, 2019.
MCCOMB, K.; SHANNON, G.; SAYIALEL, K. N.; MOSS, C. Elephants can determine ethnicity, gender, and age from acoustic cues in human voices. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, v. 111, n. 14, p. 5433, 2014.
MIDDLETON, J. R. The liberating image: the Imago Dei in Genesis 1. Grand Rapids: Brazos Press, 2005.
MIGLIO, A.; REEDER, C. A.; WALTON, J. T.; WAY, K. C. (ed.). For us, but not to us: Essays on creation, covenant, and context in honor of John H. Walton. Eugene: Pickwick Publications, 2020.
MUELLER, C. What it means to be created in the image of God. Lynchburg: Liberty University, 1999.
NICHOL, F. D.; COTTRELL, R. F.; NEUFELD, D. F.; WHITE, E. G. The Seventh-day Adventist Bible commentary: The Holy Bible with exegetical and expository comment. Washington: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1976.
ODEN, T. C. (ed.). Ancient Christian commentary on Scripture. Westmont: IPV, 2016.
O'DONOVAN, J. L. Human dignity and human justice: thinking with Calvin about the imago Dei. Tyndale Bulletin, v. 66, n. 1, p. 121–136, 2015.
PECKHAM, J. Canonical theology: The biblical canon, sola scriptura, and theological method. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2016.
PETERSON, R. S. The imago Dei as human identity: a theological interpretation. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 2016.
ROBINSON, D. Understanding the "Imago Dei": the thought of Barth, von Balthasar and Moltmann. Farnham: Ashgate, 2010.
RODRÍGUEZ, Á. M.; BEDIAKO, D. K.; COSAERT, C. P.; KLINGBEIL, G. A. (eds.). Andrews Bible commentary. Berrien Springs: Andrews University Press, 2020.
ROOKER, M. F.; KEATHLEY, K. 40 questions about creation & evolution. Grand Rapids: Kregel, 2014.
SCHAFER, A. R. "You, YHWH, save humans and animals": God's response to the vocalized needs of non-human animals as portrayed in the Old Testament. Wheaton College. 2016.
SCHÖNBORN, C. V.; WEBER, H. P.; TAYLOR, H. Chance or purpose? Creation, evolution, and a rational faith. San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 2007.
SEPTUAGINTA. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1979.
SILVA, R. B. O Papel Cocriador do Ser Humano enquanto Imago Dei e Homem e Mulher Segundo o Testemunho Bíblico. Protestantismo em Revista, v. 45, n. 2, p. 158–166, 2019.
STEINMANN, A. Genesis: An introduction and commentary. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 2019.
SWANSON, J. Dictionary of Biblical Languages with Semantic Domains: Hebrew (Old Testament). Oak Harbor: Logos Research Systems, Inc., 1997.
TALSTRA, Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia: WIVU Constituency Trees. Stuttgart: German Bible Society, 2003.
TEEL, K. Racism and the image of God. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.
THOMPSON, J. L. Genesis 1–11. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 2014.
THORSEN, D. An exploration of Christian theology. Grand Rapids: Baker Publishing Group, 2020.
THRELFALL, J. M. The Doctrine of the Imago Dei: The Biblical Data for an Abductive Argument for the Christian Faith. Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society, v. 62, n. 3, p. 543-561, 2019.
TILLICH, P. Systematic theology: Three volumes in one. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1967.
WATERHOUSE, S. Holy matrimony: The image of God in the family. Amarillo: Westcliff Press, 2006.
WENHAM, G. J. Word Biblical Commentary: Genesis 1–15. Waco: Word Books, 1987.
WHITE, E. G. Science and the Bible in Education. The Signs of the Times. 20 mar. 1884.
WHITE, E. G. Education. Mountain View: Pacific Press Publishing Association, 1903.
WHITE, E. G. Unselfish Service the Law of Heaven. The Review and Herald. 16 jan. 1913.
WILLS, R. W. Martin Luther King, Jr. and the image of God. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
WOZNICKI, C.; GENTILE, J. Refocusing the image: domestic violence, refugees, and the imago dei in john calvin’s pastoral theology. McMaster Journal of Theology and Ministry, v. 19, p. 81–111, 2017.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Héber Stabenow Marski
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish on Kerygma must agree to the following terms:
- Once accepted for publication, the copyright of articles is automatically transferred to Kerygma.
- All material used in the text that is copyrighted by third parties must be duly referenced.
- Authors must also retain the reproduction rights of images and tables in their material, if necessary.
- The authors guarantee that the submitted text is entirely their authorship and has not been submitted and/or published elsewhere.
- The opinions, ideas and concepts expressed in the texts are the sole responsibility of their authors and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Kerygma;
- The editors reserve the right to make textual adjustments and adapt to the publication's norms.
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication, with the work simultaneously licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International, which allows sharing of the work with acknowledgment of authorship and initial publication in this journal. This license allows others to remix, adapt, and build upon your work non-commercially, as long as they give proper credit to you and their new works are not used for commercial purposes. However, users are not required to license those derivative works under the same terms.
- The authors agree with the free reproduction of their material by Kerygma, which may adapt, modify, condense, summarize, reduce, compile, expand, alter, mix with other content, include images, graphics, digital objects, infographics and hyperlinks, illustrate, diagram, divide, update, translate and carry out any other transformations, requiring the participation or express authorization of the authors.
- The authors agree that Kerygma can distribute the articles through cable, fiber optics, satellite, airwaves or any other system that allows access to the user at a specific time and place, either by free channels or by systems that import payment. Kerygma may also include work in a physical or virtual database, archiving in printed format, storing on a computer, in a cloud system, microfilming and other current forms of archiving or that may still be developed, with or without profit.
- Authors are permitted to enter into separate, additional agreements for the non-exclusive distribution of the published version of the work in this journal (e.g., publishing it in an institutional repository or as a book chapter), with acknowledgment in the new publication of its initial publication in this journal.
- Kerygma owns the rights to all works published by it. The full reproduction of these texts in other publications, for any other purpose, by any means, requires written authorization from the publisher. The same goes for partial reproductions, such as summary, abstract, portions with more than 500 words of the text, tables, figures, illustrations, etc.
- Authors are granted permission and encouraged to publish and distribute their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their personal websites) at any point before or during the editorial process. This is because it can lead to productive alterations and increase the impact and citation of the published work. (See "The effect of open access and downloads ('hits') on citation impact: a bibliography of studies.")